미국 아키비스트 협회가 발표한 대학원 교육 가이드라인

미국 아키비스트 협회가 발표한 대학원 교육 가이드라인 (원문)

1994년을 대체하는 2002년도판 내용으로
교과영역을 다음의 둘로 구분한다.

첫째, 핵심적인 기록학 지식 A. CORE ARCHIVAL KNOWLEDGE
(1) 기록관리 기능에 관한 지식 1. Knowledge of Archival Functions

a) Appraisal and Acquisition: The theory, policies, and procedures archivists use to identify, evaluate, acquire, and authenticate records and papers, in all formats, which have enduring value to records creators, institutions, researchers, and society. Appraisal entails, among other things, understanding what makes records and papers authentic, reliable, and useful to institutions, individuals, legal and financial authorities, and other constituents.

b) Arrangement and Description: The intellectual and physical organization of archival records and papers in all media and formats, according to archival principles and institutional considerations, and the development of descriptive tools and systems that provide both control of and access to collections. Theory should link to practice through teaching methods and technology applications.

c) Preservation: The integration and implementation of administrative activities to ensure the physical protection of records and papers in all formats, the intellectual preservation of the records and papers through reformatting (e.g., digitization or microfilming), and assuring their continued accessibility by researchers. Preservation knowledge is based on: a firm grounding in preservation history; research into the nature of the materials and treatments; current techniques; and administrative studies and management issues. Preservation also requires the systematic application of appraisal criteria before applying preservation measures.

d) Reference and Access: The development of policies and procedures designed to serve the information needs of various user groups, based on evaluation of institutional mandates and constituencies, the nature of the collections, relevant laws and ethical considerations, and appropriate technologies. Instruction should also include the study of user behavior and the interaction between archivist and user in the reference process.

e) Outreach and Advocacy: The theories and practices archivists use to evaluate archival constituencies and their needs, and to develop programs to promote increased use, resources, visibility, and support.

f) Management and Administration: The principles and practices archivists use to facilitate all aspects of archival work through careful planning and administration of the repository and its institutional resources. At all career levels, archivists manage resources and make decisions that should be based on a thorough understanding of organizational management, systems analysis, program planning, budgeting, fundraising, grantsmanship, human resources, and the management of buildings, facilities, and equipment.

(2) 전문직에 관한 지식 2. Knowledge of the Profession

a) History of Archives and the Archival Profession:A graduate program in archival studies should teach the historical development of recordmaking and recordkeeping systems and of archives in various civilizations, ranging from the ancient world to modern times. This instruction should cover: the structure of the archival community/profession from a global perspective in general and related to North America in particular; the types of archival repositories and programs in existence in the United States and Canada, along with their policies and procedures; and the legislation and regulations governing archives and influencing archival work in the United States and Canada. Instruction also should address the history of the archival profession; its missions, roles, and values; and the profession's contemporary concerns.

b) Records and Cultural Memory: Records and papers constitute an important part of the written memory of individuals and society and provide the basis for holding governments and organizations accountable and for protecting the rights of individuals. Archival institutions thus play a significant role in society. However, they are only part of the fabric of cultural memory. Archivists and archives work in cooperation with other professions and institutions such as libraries and museums to preserve and provide access to cultural memory and to ensure accountability. Students should understand the interrelationship among archives and other keepers of cultural heritage, and the ways in which records contribute to that heritage.

c) Ethics and Values: The archival profession bases its system of ethics and values on the responsibilities of archivists in identifying, preserving, protecting, and making available the records, papers, and information resources for which they have responsibility. Students should be familiar with the SAA Code of Ethics, its underlying principles and perspectives, and its relationship to other archival and information profession codes. Students should understand how the ethics and values of the profession inform decisions and how to apply those ethics and values to their work.

(3) 맥락 지식 3. Contextual Knowledge

a) Social and Cultural Systems:Knowledge of social and cultural systems is important for two reasons. First, archivists must understand the institutional structures and systems that form the context in which records and papers are created, maintained, and used. They should also understand the recordkeeping implications of social and cultural systems and the organizational structures and procedures used by all types of public and private institutions to ensure accountability. Second, archivists work within an institutional context. Effective management of records and papers necessitates an understanding of the political, social, and economic dynamics within an institution, and how to achieve the archival repository's goals and objectives.

b) Legal and Financial Systems:Records and papers, and the recordkeeping systems of both institutions and individuals, reflect the legal and financial systems in which they were created and demonstrate organizational and individual accountability. Archival core knowledge includes the origin, development, structure, and functioning of legal and financial systems, including federal, state, and local laws as well as the regulatory environment. This should include both public and private sector jurisdictions as well as the impact of such issues on personal records and papers. Knowledge of legal issues also includes privacy rights, freedom of information, and property and literary rights related to records and papers.

c) Records and Information Management: The principles involved in managing records and information throughout their full life cycle, from origination to eventual archival retention or other disposition. The work of archivists relates closely to the responsibilities of records and information managers, and in some institutional environments the duties of each are blended together in a single function. Archivists must be able to analyze an institution's structure, decision-making, and recordkeeping systems, and apply that knowledge to decisions regarding other archival functions.

d) Digital Records and Access Systems: Archivists should be competent to apply archival knowledge to records and papers in any format.In all areas of archival knowledge, a sound professional education needs to incorporate an understanding of the nature, access issues, and preservation challenges of digital records and papers. This should include information on the development of new media formats and document genres, and changing information technologies for the creation, maintenance, and use of records and papers. Additionally, educational programs should help students to use and develop access systems for records and papers and to identify and apply appropriate technological solutions to facilitate all aspects of archival work.

둘째, 다학문 지식 B. INTERDISCIPLINARY KNOWLEDGE

1. Information Technology

The significant records and papers of today's society are increasingly being created, reformatted, stored, described, and retrieved in electronic form. Familiarity with networking, telecommunications systems, hardware, and software is fundamental to performing archival functions in many institutional settings.… Students also need to understand human/computer interaction to design and develop effective systems for users. The curriculum could include opportunities to develop skills in database management, spreadsheet applications, information architecture, website design and creation, and/or desktop publishing. Also valuable are an understanding of metadata, familiarity with markup languages, and basic programming skills.

2. Conservation

Beyond the core archival knowledge in preservation issues, appropriate interdisciplinary knowledge may be needed in conservation practices, that is, a range of intervention activities to stabilize materials in their original format by chemical or physical means. Archivists should have sufficient knowledge to be able to judge the efficacy of conservation treatments, and to evaluate the appropriate conservation treatment for a document or group of documents.

3. Research Design and Execution

An understanding of research design and execution is important for enabling archivists to provide effective service to a wide variety of researchers and to evaluate archival operations from the perspective of users. It is also used to permit archivists to assess the status of research in their own discipline, to undertake new research, and to blend theoretical and empirical aspects of archival studies into scholarly investigations.

4. History and Historical Methods

History provides an understanding of the context in which records and papers are created, maintained, and used, and of the political, legal, economic, social, and cultural systems that shape society. History assists archivists in understanding the evolution of organizations and their functions, as well as the activities of individuals, contributing to more effective archival selection, appraisal, description, and user service. Archivists also need to exercise the historian's skills in evaluating evidence and the context of its creation. Knowledge of historical method enables archivists to understand the many varieties of archival research use and to provide more knowledgeable reference assistance to all users.

5. Management

Archivists should understand how to manage resources and to make decisions based on systematic analysis. They often must demonstrate programmatic vision and innovation. Thus, archivists need to know the fundamental principles related to organizational management, strategic planning, administrative leadership, human resources management, financial management, resource allocation, fundraising, and facilities management.

6. Organizational Theory

The study of theories of organizational development, management, and culture is important in archival education because it provides the tools for understanding the evolution and nature of organizations that create records and assists students in understanding how to be successful within the institutions in which they will be employed as archivists. Knowledge of different models of organizational structure, operations, behavior, and institutional culture provides valuable perspectives for understanding recordkeeping systems and the context of records creation, management, and use.

7. Liberal Arts and Sciences

Ideally, persons beginning archival studies will already have a broad background in the liberal arts. Nonetheless, further graduate work in such disciplines can directly augment archival knowledge. Especially valuable is education in fields that help explain the context of records creation and the practice of recordkeeping û including sociology, philosophy, political science, law, accounting, anthropology, and economics, as well as science and the arts. Because the holdings of many archival institutions emanate from or concentrate on specific social sectors or movements, specialized knowledge in one or more humanities, social science, or science disciplines may be an important asset for appraisal and reference work in some settings.

8. Allied Professions

The work of archivists and archival institutions intersects with that of several other professions involved in the identification, protection, and dissemination of recorded information. Among these are library and information science, museology, oral history, historic preservation, and historical editing. Probably the most common overlapping relationship of this nature is with library and information science; archival repositories are often situated in libraries, where archivists benefit from familiarity with collection development, cataloging, and reference practices employed by library professionals. Archives administration is not to be regarded as a subsidiary of any related profession, including library and information science. However, exposure to the distinct purposes and methods of allied fields will be advantageous to archives students.